Each had its own cultural, linguistic, and historical tradition before coming to this country, and each maintains social distance from the others. The Rom arrived in the United States from Serbia, Russia and Austria-Hungary beginning in the 's, part of the larger wave of immigration from southern and eastern Europe in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Primary immigration ended, for the most part, in , with the beginning of the First World War and subsequent tightening of immigration restrictions Salo and Salo Many people in this group specialized in coppersmith work , mainly the repair and retinning of industrial equipment used in bakeries, laundries, confectioneries, and other businesses.
The Rom, too, developed the fortune-telling business in urban areas. The situation probably isn't helped by the fact that there is only one, room refuge dedicated to Traveller women in the UK, also in London.
But domestic violence is just one of the issues tackled by O'Roarke during her visits. The welfare needs, particularly those of the women and girls, of this community are vast. The women are three times more likely to miscarry or have a still-born child compared to the rest of the population, mainly, it is thought, as a result of reluctance to undergo routine gynaecological care, and infections linked to poor sanitation and lack of clean water.
The rate of suicides among Traveller women is significantly higher than in the general population, and life expectancy is low for women and men, with one third of Travellers dying before the age of And as many Traveller girls are taken out of education prior to secondary school to prevent them mixing with boys from other cultures, illiteracy rates are high. O'Roarke is a familiar face on the sites around London, offering women and their children help with health care, education and finance.
The men leave the women alone to deal with these issues, so if the women do want to talk about violence and abuse, they can do so without fear of the men overhearing. I visit some trailers with O'Roarke at a site in London and am struck by how the women seem to manage, usually with large families, to keep everything so clean and tidy.
There are colourful displays of Royal Crown Derby crockery, handed down from mother to daughter on her wedding day. There is certainly no sign of wealth or excessive spending. Many tell me they struggle to feed their children, and have no savings or bank account.
Things seem set to get worse for Traveller women. O'Roarke is expecting to be the only Traveller liaison worker in the capital before long — her funding comes from the Irish government. Who is supposed to help them if they get rid of the bit of support they have now? If they get a letter saying they are in danger of eviction but they can't read it, what are they supposed to do? For the Romanichals, many of whom are now Born-Again Christians, the main Protestant holy days are observed.
Born-Again Christianity has also made considerable inroads into the Vlax community, and there are Gypsy churches throughout Texas. This has caused some conflict with those who maintain the older traditions, who see the new church as opposing and ultimately destroying various aspects of cultural behavior such as arranged marriages, dowries, and fortune telling.
An effort was made in the s to establish a mobile Romani-language school in Texas that would travel between Houston, San Antonio, Austin and Dallas-Fort Worth to bring literacy in English and Romani to the community, but changes in the national administration curtailed those plans. Today, the University of Texas is the only institution of higher education in the country that regularly offers a course in Romani language, history, and culture, and it attracts scholars from as far away as India.
The university also has an extensive collection of Gypsy-related materials; both the famous Rupert Croft-Cooke collection and the library of the International Romani Union are located on its campus, making it a world center for Romani Studies.
Rena C. Ian F. The following, adapted from the Chicago Manual of Style , 15th edition, is the preferred citation for this entry. Categories: Peoples Roma Gypsies. In Austria, there were approximately 11, Roma. Relatively few Roma lived in western Europe. We would like to thank Crown Family Philanthropies and the Abe and Ida Cooper Foundation for supporting the ongoing work to create content and resources for the Holocaust Encyclopedia. View the list of all donors. Trending keywords:. Featured Content.
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